Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Line baking sheets with parchment paper.
Crumble Topping
Combine 3/4 cup all-purpose flour, 1/2 cup dark brown sugar, 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon, 1/4 teaspoon salt, and 5 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted in a medium bowl. Stir with a fork until the mixture looks like wet sand and small crumbs form. Spread it onto a parchment-lined baking sheet and bake for 10 minutes, or until golden. Cool completely, then break apart any large pieces with a fork or clean hands. Cooling keeps the crumble crisp.
Cinnamon Sugar Topping
Combine 1/4 cup granulated sugar and 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon in a shallow bowl.
Peach Cobbler Filling
Combine 4 cups diced peaches, 1/2 cup dark brown sugar, 1 tablespoon granulated sugar, 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon, and 1/4 teaspoon nutmeg in a medium saucepan over medium heat. Bring to a gentle boil, then reduce the heat and simmer for about 10 minutes, until the peaches soften but still hold their shape.
In a small bowl, whisk 1 tablespoon cornstarch and 1 tablespoon water into a smooth slurry. Stir it into the peaches and cook until the filling thickens, about 3 to 5 minutes. Remove from the heat, stir in 1 tablespoon vanilla extract, and cool completely.
Cookies
Make the cookie dough. In a medium bowl, whisk together 4 1/2 cups all-purpose flour, 1/2 teaspoon baking soda, 1 teaspoon baking powder, 1 tablespoon cinnamon, and 1 teaspoon salt.
In a larger bowl, cream 1 1/2 cups unsalted butter, room temperature, 1 1/2 cups granulated sugar, and 1/2 cup dark brown sugar until light and fluffy. Add 3 large eggs, room temperature and 1 tablespoon vanilla extract and mix until fully combined. Add the dry ingredients and mix until a dough forms.
Portion the dough into 3-ounce balls, about a third of a cup each. Roll each ball in the cinnamon sugar, place on the prepared baking sheets, and flatten slightly.
Bake for 14 minutes. Right after removing the cookies from the oven, use the bottom of a quarter-cup measuring cup or the back of a spoon to press a well into the center of each cookie. Pressing the wells while the cookies are warm gives the cleanest results. Cool completely.
Vanilla Glaze
Combine 1/3 cup powdered sugar and 1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract in a small bowl. Stir in 1 tablespoon of milk until smooth, then add more milk a little at a time until the glaze is pourable, thin enough to drizzle but thick enough to hold its shape.
Fill each cooled cookie well with the cooled peach filling. Top with the crumble and finish with a drizzle of vanilla glaze. Serve, or store as directed.